Importance of vaccination against human papillomavirus in a rural settlement in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul / Importância da vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano em um assentamento rural em Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To understand health professionals' perceptions about vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) in the Santa Mônica rural settlement in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative methodologies, consultations on vaccination cards, records of community health agents and the focus group technique were used. The main factors of hesitation and vaccine refusal were analyzed, as well as the health team's strategies for the process of immunization against HPV, from June to August 2018. RESULTS Of 121 children and adolescents, 81 (66.94%) received the complete vaccination schedule. Complete vaccination coverage for women was 73.17% (60/82) and for men, 53.8% (21/39). It was observed that, although strategies are adopted for vaccine promotion, such as mobile actions, the public is resistant due to superficial knowledge about the vaccine and its use in an early age group, showing itself to be susceptible to the negative influence of the media and to society's taboos. In addition, difficulties regarding the use of the Unified Health System card and the shortage of professionals were also observed. CONCLUSION The results explain the immunization coverage below the target and reinforce the need to strengthen the family health strategy, as well as the permanent and continuing education of professionals, in order to increase parental confidence and adherence to vaccination.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Compreender as percepções dos profissionais de saúde acerca da vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) no Complexo de assentamentos Santa Mônica, em Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS Foram utilizadas metodologias quanti-qualitativas, consultas em cartões vacinais, registros de agente comunitários de saúde e a técnica de grupo focal. Foram analisados os principais fatores de hesitação e recusa vacinal, bem como as estratégias da equipe de saúde para o processo de imunização contra o HPV, de junho a agosto de 2018. RESULTADOS De 121 crianças e adolescentes, 81 (66,94%) receberam o esquema vacinal completo. A cobertura vacinal completa feminina foi de 73,17% (60/82) e a masculina de 53,8% (21/39). Observou-se que, embora sejam adotadas estratégias para a promoção da vacina, como ações volantes, o público encontra-se resistente devido ao conhecimento superficial sobre a vacina e sua utilização em faixa etária precoce, mostrando-se suscetível à influência negativa da mídia e aos tabus da sociedade. Além disso, dificuldades quanto ao uso do cartão do Sistema Único de Saúde e a escassez de profissionais também foram observadas. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados justificam a cobertura vacinal abaixo da meta e reforçam a necessidade de fortalecimento da estratégia de saúde da família, bem como da educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais, a fim de aumentar a confiança dos pais e a adesão à vacinação.

Non-polarized cytokine profile of a long-term non-progressor HIV infected patient

ABSTRACT The HIV-1 initial viral infection may present diverse clinical and laboratory course and lead to rapid, intermediate, or long-term progression. Among the group of non-progressors, the elite controllers are those who control the infection most effectively, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this paper, the TH1, TH2 and TH17 cytokines profiles are described, as well as clinical and laboratory aspects of an HIV-infected patient with undetectable viral load without antiretroviral therapy. Production of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 was detected; in contrast IL-4 was identified. Host-related factors could help explain such a level of infection control, namely the differentiated modulation of the cellular immune response and a non-polarized cytokine response of the TH1 and TH2 profiles.

Human papillomavirus and coinfections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis in self-collected samples from female sex workers in the Central-Western region of Brazil / Papilomavírus humano e coinfecção por Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis e Trichomonas vaginalis em amostras autocoletadas de mulheres profissionais do sexo da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is intimately associated with cervical cancer, and the presence of coinfections, such as with Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis, may potentiate or facilitate HPV infection. Female sex workers are considered vulnerable to the acquisition of these infections due to exposure to risk factors. Objective: To determine HPV infection, viral types and coinfections in self-collected samples from female sex workers. Methods: Self-collected samples from female sex workers, of vaginal canal and uterine cervix, were subjected to HPV-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection, viral genotyping by type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and the detection of coinfection. Results: HPV-DNA was detected in 19.4% of the samples, and HPV 31, 6, and 53 were the most frequently detected types. There was a predominance of high-risk oncogenic HPV (HR-HPV) and a strong presence of simultaneous infections with multiple HPV types (84.6%). Coinfections with both HPV and C. trachomatis, and HPV and G. vaginalis were detected. The variables that were statistically associated with HPV infection and the presence of multiple infections were non-use of condoms and non-compliance with regular cervical cytology screening. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of more comprehensive studies among vulnerable populations, aiming to establish measures to raise awareness about the risks of contracting sexually transmitted infections, as well as to support future studies for introducing HPV vaccines with wider coverage of viral types.

RESUMO Introdução: O papilomavírus humano (HPV) está intimamente associado ao câncer cervical, e a presença de coinfecções, como por Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis e Trichomonas vaginalis, pode potencializar ou facilitar a infecção por HPV. As mulheres profissionais do sexo são consideradas vulneráveis à aquisição dessas infecções devido à exposição aos fatores de risco. Objetivo: Determinar a infecção por HPV, os tipos virais e as coinfecções em amostras autocoletadas de mulheres profissionais do sexo. Métodos: Amostras autocoletadas de mulheres profissionais do sexo, do canal vaginal e da cérvice uterina, foram submetidas a detecção do HPV-ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA), genotipagem viral por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tipo específica e restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) e detecção de coinfecção. Resultados: O HPV-DNA foi detectado em 19,4% das amostras, sendo os tipos HPV 31, 6 e 53 os mais frequentes. Houve predominância de HPV de alto risco (HR-HPV) e elevada presença de infecções múltiplas (84,6%). A presença de coinfecções foi observada tanto para HPV e C. trachomatis quanto para HPV e G. vaginalis. Observou-se também que mulheres profissionais do sexo que não fazem uso de preservativos e aquelas que não realizam o exame citológico rotineiramente estão predispostas à aquisição da infecção causada pelo HPV. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos ressaltam a importância de estudos mais abrangentes entre as populações vulneráveis, objetivando estabelecer medidas para a conscientização sobre os riscos de aquisição das infecções sexualmente transmitidas, bem como auxiliar estudos futuros para introdução de vacinas contra o HPV com maior cobertura de tipos virais.

Predominant overexpression of CD25/FOXP3, IFN-γ, and suppressive cytokines in high-grade lesion samples infected with human papillomavirus / PPredominância de superexpressão de CD25/FOXP3, IFN-γ e citocinas supressoras em amostras de lesão de alto grau infectadas pelo papilomavírus humano

ABSTRACT Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions, and the inappropriate immune response is among the factors that contribute to viral persistence. This may be influenced by regulatory T (Treg) cells and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Objective: We established the profile of the predominant response, Th1 or immunosuppressive response, in the tissue microenvironment, by detecting interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), TGF-β, and IL-10, as well as the co-expression of IL-2 receptor alpha (CD25) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). Methods: Seventy-four samples from uterine cervix biopsies that underwent HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection and histopathology analysis were immunostained to detect CD25/FOXP3, IFN-γ and suppressive cytokines in lymphocytes. Results: The microenvironment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) samples with high numbers of viral particles (≥ 10,000 copies/ml) contained high numbers of CD25/FOXP3+, TGF-β+, IL-10+, and IFN-γ+ cells. Conclusion: The co-expression of CD25/FOXP3 and the expression of TGF-β, and IL-10 in HSIL samples suggest the existence of Treg cells in these locations, although IFN-γ expression was observed in several cells in these samples. Our data suggest that this cytokine could be related to immunosuppressed microenvironment maintenance, favoring the persistent HPV infection and the progression to carcinoma.

RESUMO Introdução: A infecção persistente por papilomavírus humano (HPV) é a principal causa do câncer cervical e suas lesões precursoras, e a resposta imune inadequada está entre os fatores que contribuem para a persistência viral. Isso pode ser influenciado por células T regulatórias (Treg) e pela produção de citocinas imunossupressoras, como o fator de transformação de crescimento beta (TGF-β) e a interleucina 10 (IL-10). Objetivo: Estabelecemos o perfil de resposta predominante, resposta Th1 ou imunossupressora, no microambiente tecidual, pela detecção de interferon gama (IFN-γ), TGF-β, e IL-10, bem como a coexpressão do receptor da cadeia alfa da IL-2 (CD25) e do forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). Método: Setenta e quatro amostras de biópsias de cérvice uterina, submetidas à detecção do ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) de HPV e à análise histopatológica, foram utilizadas nas reações de imuno-histoquímica para detectar IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10 e CD25/FOXP3 em linfócitos. Resultados: O microambiente das amostras de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas de alto grau (HSIL) com elevado números de partículas virais (≥ 10.000 cópias/ml) continha elevado número de células CD25/FOXP3+, TGF-β+, IL-10+ e IFN-γ+. Conclusão: A coexpressão de CD25/FOXP3 e a expressão de TGF-β nas amostras HSIL sugerem a existência de células Treg nesses locais, embora a expressão de IFN-γ tenha sido observada em várias células. Nossos dados sugerem que essa citocina pode estar relacionada com a manutenção do microambiente imunossuprimido, favorecendo a infecção persistente por HPV e a progressão para carcinoma.

Good agreements between self and clinician-collected specimens for the detection of human papillomavirus in Brazilian patients

Women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) are at a higher risk of developing cervical lesions. In the current study, self and clinician-collected vaginal and cervical samples from women were processed to detect HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with PGMY09/11 primers. HPV genotypes were determined using type-specific PCR. HPV DNA detection showed good concordance between self and clinician-collected samples (84.6%; kappa = 0.72). HPV infection was found in 30% women and genotyping was more concordant among high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) than low-risk HPV (HR-HPV). HPV16 was the most frequently detected among the HR-HPV types. LR-HPV was detected at a higher frequency in self-collected; however, HR-HPV types were more frequently identified in clinician-collected samples than in self-collected samples. HPV infections of multiple types were detected in 20.5% of clinician-collected samples and 15.5% of self-collected samples. In this study, we demonstrated that the HPV DNA detection rate in self-collected samples has good agreement with that of clinician-collected samples. Self-collected sampling, as a primary prevention strategy in countries with few resources, could be effective for identifying cases of HR-HPV, being more acceptable. The use of this method would enhance the coverage of screening programs for cervical cancer.

Presence of highly oncogenic human papillomavirus in the oral mucosa of asymptomatic men

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify highly oncogenic forms of human papillomavirus in the oral mucosa of asymptomatic men. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed samples of exfoliated cells from the oral cavity of 559 asymptomatic men. DNA-human papillomavirus was detected using the consensus primers PGMY09/11; viral genotyping was performed using type-specific PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: DNA-human papillomavirus was detected in 1.3% of the study participants and of those 42.8% were infected by more than one type of virus. Viral types included HPV6, 11, 89 (low oncogenic risk), and HPV52, 53 (high oncogenic risk). Increased vulnerability to human papillomavirus infection was observed in individuals aged over 26 years, among those who reported oral sex practices, and in those who have had more than 16 sexual partners since first engaging in sexual intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: There was a low prevalence of human papillomavirus detection in the oral mucosa of asymptomatic men. Highly oncogenic human papillomavirus types and infection by more than one viral type was observed. Oral sex practices and a large number of sexual partners may increase the risk of acquiring human papillomavirus infection. .

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor expression in patients with cervical human papillomavirus infection

Introduction The progression of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the anogenital tract has been associated with the involvement of cells with regulatory properties. Evidence has shown that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an important surface molecule for the characterization of these cells and proposes that GITR ligand may constitute a rational treatment for many cancer types. We aimed to detect the presence of GITR and CD25 in cervical stroma cells with and without pathological changes or HPV infection to better understand the immune response in the infected tissue microenvironment. Methods We subjected 49 paraffin-embedded cervical tissue samples to HPV DNA detection and histopathological analysis, and subsequently immunohistochemistry to detect GITR and CD25 in lymphocytes. Results We observed that 76.9% of all samples with high GITR expression were HPV-positive regardless of histopathological findings. High GITR expression (77.8%) was predominant in samples with ≥1,000 RLU/PCB. Of the HPV-positive samples negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy, 62.5% had high GITR expression. High GITR expression was observed in both carcinoma and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) samples (p = 0.16). CD25 was present in great quantities in all samples. Conclusions The predominance of high GITR expression in samples with high viral load that were classified as HSIL and carcinoma suggests that GITR+ cells can exhibit regulatory properties and may contribute to the progression of HPV-induced cervical neoplasia, emphasizing the importance of GITR as a potential target for immune therapy of cervical cancer and as a disease evolution biomarker. .

Immunolocalization of FGF-10 in murine incisors and molar germs / Imunolocalização de FGF-10 em germes de incisivos e molares murinos

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the presence of FGF-10 in mouse dental germs by means of the immunohistochemical technique, fromthe initial development phase through to the more advanced phases. Methods: Fetuses of five mice, on days 15.5, 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and 19.5 of pregnancy, respectively, were collected. At time intervals of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 days after birth, the mouse offspring were sacrificed. The heads of all the specimens were fixed and submitted to histotechnique and3?m thick sections were obtained. The presence of FGF-10 was detected by means of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique.Results: Immunostaining was detected in both epithelium and ectomesenchyme with intensity and spatial-temporal differences. A reduction in the presence of FGF-10 was observed in the cervical loop area, on the lingual side of the incisor crowns, and both sides of the molar crowns. With the increase in enamel matrix deposition, immunostaining on the secretory pole of ameloblasts also increased. Conclusion: FGF-10 immunostaining could be related to cell proliferation in epithelium and cell differentiation in epithelium and ectomesenchyme. This could be related to morphological determination in intercuspal areas of molar germs and to continuous growth of the incisor crown. Decrease in FGF-10 in the cervical loop could be related to the termination of crown formation. Increase in FGF-10 expression in ameloblasts suggests a relationship with active enamel production. The results suggest the inclusion of the pattern of the presence of FGF-10 in future investigations into the cause of morphological anomalies, such as palato-gingival groove.

Objetivo: Identificar a presença de FGF-10 em germes dentários de rato pela técnica de imunohistoquímica. Métodos: Os fetos de cinco ratos, nos dias 15,5; 16,5; 17,5; 18,5; 19,5, respectivamente, de gravidez, foram coletados. Em intervalos de tempo de 0,5; 1,5; 2,5 e 3,5 dias após o nascimento, as proles de ratas foram sacrificadas. As cabeças de todos os exemplares foram fixadas e submetidas à histotécnica e cortes com 3?m de espessura foram obtidos. A presença de FGF-10 foi detectada pela técnica de imunohistoquímica da avidinabiotina-peroxidase. Resultados: A imunomarcação foi detectada no epitélio e no ectomesênquima com intensidade e diferenças espaço-temporais. Uma redução da presença de FGF-10 foi observada na área da alça cervical, no lado lingual de coroas de incisivo e em ambos os lados das coroas de molares. Com o aumento da deposição de matriz de esmalte, a imunomarcação no pólo secretor de ameloblastos também aumentou.Conclusão: a presença de FGF-10 parece estar relacionada com a proliferação de células no epitélio e diferenciação de células no epitélio e ectomesênquima. Isso pode estar relacionado à determinação morfológica nas áreas intercuspídeas de germes dos molares e ao crescimento contínuo da coroa nos incisivos. A diminuição do FGF-10 em áreas alça cervical parece estar relacionada com o término de formação da coroa. O aumento de FGF-10 em ameloblastos parece estar relacionada com a produção ativa de esmalte.

S100, CD68, and MHC class II molecule expression in cervical high- and low-grade HPV-induced lesions / Expressão de S100, CD68 e moléculas de MHC classe II em lesões cervicais de alto e baixo grau induzidas por HPV

INTRODUCTION: Some human papillomavirus (HPV) types are involved in malignant processes in the cervical epithelium, with 99 percent of cases attributed to oncogenic HPV infection. This study aimed to detect S100, CD68, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules in cervical uterine epithelial samples in patients with high- and low-grade lesions induced by HPV. METHODS: Fifty-eight samples from patients who were confirmed positive or negative for high-risk oncogenic HPV DNA, had histopathological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of grades I, II, or III, or were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy were subjected to immunohistochemistry reaction to S100 protein, CD68, and MHC-II (HLA-DR alpha chain). RESULTS: The presence of MHC-II predominated in samples exhibiting histopathological alterations (p < 0.05). S100 detection was more numerous in carcinoma samples (CIN III) (75 percent). Presence of this protein correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with histopathological findings and viral load. CONCLUSIONS: A small expression of CD68 was observed, which may be explained by the observation in our study having been made on random microscopic fields and not on specific areas. The findings, such as the presence of S100 protein and MHC-II expression in samples with histological alterations, could suggest that the immune system fails to control HPV replication at the early stages of infection. Further studies with larger prospective data are necessary to confirm this result.

INTRODUÇÃO: Alguns tipos de papilomavirus humano (HPV) estão envolvidos em processos malignos no epitélio cervical, com 99 por cento dos casos atribuídos à infecção por HPV oncogênico. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a proteína S100, CD68 e moléculas de MHC-II (complexo principal de histocompatibilidade classe II) em amostras de epitélio cervical uterino, de pacientes com lesões de alto e baixo grau induzidas pelo HPV. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e oito amostras de pacientes positivos ou negativos, confirmados, para DNA de HPV de alto ou baixo risco oncogênico, e que tiveram diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia intraepithelial cervical (NIC) de graus I, II ou III ou foram negativas para lesão intraepithelial e malignidade (NILM), foram submetidas à reação de imunohistoquímica (IHQ) para proteína S100, CD68 e MHC-II (HLA-DR cadeia alfa). RESULTADOS: A presença da molécula MHC-II predominou em amostras exibindo alterações histopatológicas (p < 0,05). A detecção de S100+ foi mais numerosa em amostras com carcinoma (NIC III) (75 por cento). A presença dessa proteína correlacionou-se significantemente (p < 0,05) com achados histopatológicos e a carga viral. CONCLUSÕES: Pequena expressão CD68+ foi observada, uma possível explicação seria que em nosso estudo as observações foram feitas em campo microscópicos aleatórios e não em áreas específicas. Os achados como a presença de S100 e a expressão de MHC-II, em amostras com alterações histológicas, podem sugerir que o sistema imune falha em controlar a replicação do HPV nas fases iniciais da infecção. Maiores estudos, com mais dados prospectivos, são necessários para confirmar esses resultados.

Linfócitos CD4, CD8 e células NK no estroma da cérvice uterina de mulheres infectadas pelo papilomavírus humano / CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and NK cells in the stroma of the uterine cervix of women infected with human papillomavirus

INTRODUÇÃO: A resposta imune pode ser um elemento chave para a progressão ou remissão da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) no estroma da cérvice uterina. Este estudo objetivou quantificar no estroma cervical a presença de linfócitos T CD4, CD8 e células NK, por imunohistoquímica, em lesões de alto e baixo grau em pacientes infectadas por HPV MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 56 amostras de biópsia da estroma cervical, sendo 43 amostras positivas para DNA de HPV de alto risco oncogênico e com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) de alto e baixo grau, ou negativa para lesão intraepitelial e malignidade (NILM), e 13 amostras de pacientes negativas para DNA de HPV com diagnóstico histopatológico NILM RESULTADOS: Maior quantidade de linfócitos T CD4 foi observada em amostras NIC II/III, carcinoma e NILM (p=0,04) e naquelas cuja carga viral esteve entre 10 e 1,000 RLU/PCB. O predomínio de linfócitos T CD8 ocorreu em maior proporção nas amostras NIC II/III (p=0,02) e em amostras com carga viral entre 100 e 1.000 RLU/PCB. As células NK prevaleceram nas amostras com lesões de baixo grau e com baixa carga viral CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo comprovou que nas fases iniciais da infecção, onde não há ainda alterações celulares de alto grau, não temos a presença de células que possam desencadear a fase efetora da resposta imune.

INTRODUCTION: Immune response might be a key element regarding the progression or regression of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the stroma of the uterine cervix. This study aimed to quantify the presence of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and NK cells in the cervical stroma, by means of immunohistochemistry, in high and low grade lesions in patients infected by HPV METHODS: Fifty-six biopsy samples from the uterine cervix were used. Forty-three samples were positive for oncogenic high-risk HPV DNA and had a histopathological diagnosis of high and low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy (NILM); while the other 13 samples were negative for HPV DNA with a histopathological diagnosis of NILM RESULTS: Higher quantities of CD4 T lymphocytes were observed in CIN II/III, carcinoma and NILM samples (p = 0.04) and in those in which the viral load was between 10 and 1.000 RLU/PCB. CD8 T lymphocytes were predominant in CIN II/III samples (p = 0.02) and also in samples with viral loads between 100 and 1,000 RLU/PCB. NK cells predominated in samples with low-grade lesions and low viral load CONCLUSIONS: This study proved that in the initial stages of the infection, in which no high-grade cell abnormalities have yet occurred, no cells that might trigger the effector phase of the immune response.

Adenovirus, calicivirus and astrovirus detection in fecal samples of hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

We analyzed fecal samples from hospitalized children up to three years of age with acute gastroenteritis at Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from May 2000-January 2004. Astrovirus and calicivirus were detected by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and adenovirus was detected using the Rotavirus and Adenovirus combined immunoenzyme assay. Astrovirus, adenovirus and calicivirus were detected at rates of 3.1 percent, 3.6 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively. These results re-emphasize the need for the establishment of regional vigilance systems to evaluate the impact of enteric viruses on viral gastroenteritis.

Rotavírus A em crianças de até três anos de idade, hospitalizadas com gastroenterite aguda em Campo Grande, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul / Rotavirus A among hospitalized infants, up to three years of age, with acute gastroenteritis in Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul

Através da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida e do ensaio imunenzimático combinado para rotavírus e adenovirus, foram analisadas 380 amostras fecais de crianças com até 3 anos, hospitalizadas com diarréia aguda, entre maio de 2000 e janeiro de 2004, em Campo Grande, MS. Do total de amostras, 88 (23,2 por cento) foram positivas para Rotavirus A. Dentre essas, 81 (92 por cento) tiveram padrão eletroferotípico definido, sendo 77 (87,5 por cento) de padrão longo e quatro (4,5 por cento) de padrão curto. A caracterização genotípica G e P foi feita por RT-Nested-PCR para 85 amostras, sendo 56 (65,9 por cento) genotipáveis para genótipo G. Dentre essas, 49 (87,5 por cento) foram G1, cinco (8,9 por cento) G4, uma (1,8 por cento) G3 e uma (1,8 por cento) G9. Considerando a genotipagem P, 37 (43,5 por cento) foram genotipáveis e todas eram P[8]. A associação G e P mais observada foi G1P[8], 33 (89,2 por cento) amostras; seguida de G4P[8], duas (5,4 por cento) amostras; G3P[8], uma (2,7 por cento) amostra; e G9P[8], uma (2,7 por cento) amostra.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and combined immunoenzyme assay for rotavirus and adenovirus were used to analyze 380 fecal samples from children up to three years of age who were hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, between May 2000 and January 2004. Among all the samples, 88 (23. 2 percent) were positive for Rotavirus A. Out of these, 81 (92 percent) had a defined electrophoretic pattern: 77 (87. 5 percent) with a long pattern and four (4. 5 percent) with a short pattern. Genotype G and P characterization was done by nested RT-PCR for 85 samples, of which 56 (65. 9 percent) were genotyped as type G. Among these, 49 (87. 5 percent) were G1, five (8. 9 percent) were G4, one (1. 8 percent) was G3 and one (1. 8 percent) was G9. The genotype was found to be type P in 37 samples (43. 5 percent) and all of these were P[8]. The G and P association most observed was G1P[8], with 33 samples (89. 2 percent), followed by G4P[8], two samples (5. 4 percent); G3P[8], one sample (2. 7 percent); and G9P[8], one sample (2. 7 percent).

Determinação da carga viral de DNA de HPV pelo ensaio de captura híbrida e sua associação com achados citológicos / Determination of HPV DNA viral load by hybrid capture assay and its association with cytological findings

OBJECTIVE: To compare the relation between HPV viral load by hybrid capture II test (HCII) and cytological findings. METHODS: Three hundred sixty-two reagent samples to HPV DNA by HCII had their viral loads classified in four categories and correlated to cytological results. RESULTS: Twenty-two samples (6.1 percent) were reagent only to low-risk oncogenic types (group A) and 340 (93.9 percent) were reagent to high-risk oncogenic types (group B). The correlation between viral load for the reagent samples to group A and cytological results showed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) predominance (50 percent). Most of this group samples had viral load between 1 to <10RLU/PCA. Of the patients that were reagent to group B 52.1 percent had LSIL cytology and 38.2 percent were negative to intraepithelial lesion and malignancy (NILM) cytology. The patients with LSIL had viral load well distributed with a slight predominance of 100 to < 1,000RLU/PCB category. The samples had viral load between 1 to <10RLU/PCB showed NILM cytology predominance (48.1 percent). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (3.4 percent) were present on the samples with viral load between 100 to <1,000RLU/PCB (p = 0.023). There was a correlation between the median for group B viral load and LSIL/HSIL results. CONCLUSIONS: The quantification of viral load, mainly of high-risk HPV types, may be a useful tool for dealing with patients who have suspicious lesions.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a relação entre a carga viral do HPV por captura híbrida II (HCII) e os achados citológicos. MÉTODOS: Trezentas e sessenta e duas amostras reagentes para DNA de HPV por HCII tiveram suas cargas virais classificadas em quatro categorias e correlacionadas aos resultados citológicos. RESULTADOS: Vinte e duas amostras (6,1 por cento) foram reagentes somente para os tipos de baixo risco oncogênico (grupo A) e 340 (93,9 por cento) foram reagentes para os tipos de alto risco oncogênico (grupo B). A correlação entre carga viral das amostras reagentes para o grupo A e resultados citológicos mostrou predominância (50 por cento) de lesão escamosa intraepitelial de baixo grau (LSIL). A maioria das amostras desse grupo teve carga viral entre 1 e < 10RLU/PCA. Nos pacientes reagentes para o grupo B observamos que 52,1 por cento tiveram citologia LSIL e 38,2 por cento tiveram citologia negativa para lesão intraepitelial e malignidade (NILM). Os pacientes com LSIL tiveram a carga viral bem distribuída, com ligeira predominância da categoria de 100 a < 1.000RLU/PCB. As amostras com carga viral entre 1 e < 10RLU/PCB mostraram predominância de citologia NILM (48.1 por cento). Lesões escamosas de alto grau (3,4 por cento) foram presentes nas amostras com carga viral entre 100 e < 1.000RLU/PCB (p = 0,023). Houve correlação entre a mediana da carga viral para o grupo B e os resultados LSIL/HSIL. CONCLUSÕES: A quantificação da carga viral, principalmente para os tipos de HPV de alto risco oncogênico, pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o acompanhamento de pacientes com lesões suspeitas.

Multiple types of human papillomavirus in cervical samples in women in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

We analyzed 87 cervical samples from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, with a PGMY/GP+ nested PCR system. Positive samples were typed using E7 type-specific primer pairs for HPV 6/11, 16, 18, 45 and 66. Eighteen samples (22 percent) were infected with HPV6/11, 18 samples (22 percent) with HPV66, 13 samples (15.9 percent) with HPV45, 8 samples (9.8 percent) with HPV18 and 7 samples (8.5 percent) with HPV16. Seventeen samples (20.7 percent) were infected by two HPV types, and five samples (6.1 percent) by three HPV types. We conclude that infection with multiple types is present at a high frequency in our population and that there is a relation between some types and cytological finds.